He would hold this position until the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in For the 19 years prior to the Commonwealth, the Senate presidency was the highest position a Filipino could hold. From the first Philippine Commission to the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Philippine legislature were passing public acts.
This form of legislation is started at Congress, with the approval of the American governor-general of the Philippine Islands. On November 15, , Quezon took his oath as the first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, giving control of the executive branch of government to the Filipinos.
It was also in this era that the Supreme Court of the Philippines was completely Filipinized. By virtue of the Constitution, the bicameral Philippine legislature was merged to form the unicameral National Assembly.
Two elections were held under the Commonwealth. The first, in , elected the President of the Philippines as well as members of the National Assembly; the second, in , elected only members of the National Assembly. The National Assembly would be retained until , when a new structure for the legislature was introduced through a constitutional amendment. This form of legislation is started at the National Assembly and approved by the President of the Philippines.
After six years under a unicameral legislature, the Constitution of was amended, dividing the National Assembly into two separate houses.
The Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives were reestablished, with a Senate President and a Speaker of the House leading their respective chambers. The elections for members of these newly created chambers were held in However, the onset of World War II prevented the elected members from assuming their posts and the legislature of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was dissolved upon the exile of the government of the Philippines. Laurel as the President.
This government followed the newly crafted Constitution, and reverted the legislature back to a unicameral National Assembly. The National Assembly of the Second Republic would remain in existence until the arrival of the Allied forces in , which liberated the Philippines from the Imperial Japanese forces. The first Congress convened on June 9 of that year, with most of the senators and representatives, who were elected in , assuming their positions.
Manuel Roxas and Jose C. Zulueta served as Senate President and Speaker of the House, respectively. Not all, however, were allowed to take their post because some were incarcerated for collaboration with the Japanese. The inaugural session, was held in a converted school house in Lepanto St. On April 23, , national elections were held to choose new members of Congress, the President, and the Vice President of the Philippines.
After the elections the second Congress of the Commonwealth convened on May 25, It would only last until July 4, , with the inauguration of the Third Republic of the Philippines.
The Second Congress of the Commonwealth was transformed into the first Congress of the Republic of the Philippines, also made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
This would mark the beginning of the count of Congresses of the Republic until the imposition of Martial Law in , when Congress would be dissolved. This era started the legislation of republic acts which would continue until Upon the restoration of democracy in and the ratification of the Constitution, the naming of laws as republic acts would be reinstated.
On September 23, President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. This coincided with the closing of the sessions of both chambers of Congress. Days before the scheduled reopening of the Senate and the House of Representatives, Marcos promulgated the Constitution, which effectively abolished the bicameral legislature and replaced it with a unicameral legislature. Opposition legislators reported to the Legislative Building on January 22, , but found the building padlocked and under an armed guard.
The consultative body would serve until The Batasang Bayan would be replaced in by an elected unicameral body: the Interim Batasang Pambansa IBP , a parliamentary legislature, as provided for in the Constitution. On April 7, , elections for were held. Those elected to the IBP would be called Mambabatas Pambansa Assemblymen who would be elected per region, via a bloc-voting system. The RBP held its inaugural session on July 23, In , President Marcos succumbed to international pressure and called for a snap presidential election.
Though Marcos and his running mate former Senator and Assemblyman Arturo Tolentino were proclaimed by the Batasang Pambansa as the winners of the election, a popular revolt installed opposition leaders Corazon C. Aquino and Salvador H. Laurel as President and Vice President, respectively. This effectively abolished the Batasang Pambansa. A constitutional commission, tasked with drafting a new charter, was created by virtue of Proclamation No.
Following the overwhelming ratification of the Constitution through a national plebiscite held on February 2, , the Constitution finally came into full force and effect on February 11, It re-established a bicameral legislature, composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate, much like the way it was before martial law. The former, being much larger in composition, reopened in the Batasan Pambansa while the Senate, still with its 24 members, returned to the Legislative Building.
Moreover, it was decided to maintain the old count, taking up where the last pre-martial law Congress left off. Thus, the last Congress under the Constitution was the seventh Congress, and the first Congress under the Constitution became the eighth Congress. The constitutional provisions for the legislature are written in Article VI of the Constitution. Visit the website of the Senate of the Philippines: www. Visit the website of the House of Representatives: www. Evolution of the Philippine Congress: A graphic timeline.
The qualifications to become a senator, as stipulated in the constitution, are: a natural-born citizen of the Philippines; at least thirty-five years old; is able to read and write a registered voter; and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years before election day.
Legislative process Congress is responsible for making enabling laws to make sure the spirit of the constitution is upheld in the country and, at times, amend or change the constitution itself.
These resolutions can further be divided into three different elements: joint resolutions — require the approval of both chambers of Congress and the signature of the President, and have the force and effect of a law if approved.
Below is a chart mapping the process by which a law is made: Officers and committees of the Senate Senate officers Senate President : Sen. Teofisto Guingona III Jurisdiction: All matters relating to malfeasance, misfeasance and nonfeasance by officers and employees of the government; implementation of the constitutional provision on nepotism; and investigation of any matter of public interest on its own initiative or brought to its attention by any member of the Senate.
Committee on Accounts Chairperson: unfilled Jurisdiction: All matters relating to the auditing and adjustment of all accounts chargeable against the funds for the expenses and activities of the Senate.
Committee on Agrarian Reform Chairperson: Sen. Gregorio Honasan II Jurisdiction: All matters relating to agrarian reform, landed estates, and implementation of the agrarian land reform provisions of the Constitution.
Committee on Agriculture and Food Chairperson: Sen. Cynthia Villar Jurisdiction: All matters relating to agriculture, food-production and agri-business, such as agricultural experimental stations, soil survey and conservation, animal husbandry, and fisheries and aquatic resources. Antonio Trillanes IV Jurisdiction: All matters relating to the civil service and the status of officers and employees of the government including their compensation privileges, benefits, and collective negotiation agreements; reorganization of the government or any of its branches; and all other matters relating to the bureaucracy.
Committee on Climate Change Chairperson: Sen. Loren Legarda Jurisdiction: All matters relating to policies, programs, strategies, technologies and other innovations addressing global warming and climate change impacts. Miriam Defensor Santiago Jurisdiction: All matters proposing amendments to the constitution of the Philippines, and the revision of existing codes.
Committee on Cooperatives Chairperson: Sen. Manuel Lapid Jurisdiction: All matters relating to cooperatives, including farm credit and farm security, cooperative movements, and the implementation of the Cooperative Code of the Philippines. Committee on Cultural Communities Chairperson: Sen.
Loren Legarda Jurisdiction: All matters relating to cultural communities. Committee on Economic Affairs Chairperson: Sen. Joseph Victor Ejercito Jurisdiction: All matters relating to economic planning and programming, general economic development, and coordination, regulation and diversification of industry and investments.
Pia Cayetano Jurisdiction: All matters relating to education, schools, colleges, and universities; the implementation of the constitution provision for a free public elementary and secondary education; non-formal, informal and indigenous learning systems, and adult education; the preservation, enrichment and evolution of Filipino arts and culture; and the establishment and maintenance of libraries, museums, shrines, monuments, and other historical sites and edifices.
Committee on Energy Chairperson: Sen. Committee on Ethics and Privileges Chairperson: unfilled Jurisdiction: All matters relating to the conduct, rights, privileges, safety, dignity, integrity, and reputation of the Senate and its members.
Committee on Finance Chairpersons: Sen. Teofisto Guingona III Subcommittee E Jurisdiction: All matters relating to funds for the expenditures of the national government and for the payment of public indebtedness; auditing of accounts and expenditures of the national government; intergovernmental revenue sharing; and, in general, all matters relating to public expenditures.
Committee on Foreign Relations Chairperson: Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago Jurisdiction: All matters relating to the relations of the Philippines with other nations; diplomatic and consular service; the United Nations UN and its agencies, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN , and other multilateral organizations; all international agreements, obligations and contracts; and overseas Filipinos.
Juan Edgardo Angara Jurisdiction: All matters relating to games and amusement such as lotteries, horse-racing, boxing, and basketball, and matters related to amateur grassroots and elite sports development.
Cynthia Villar Jurisdiction: All matters affecting government corporations, including all amendments to their charters, the interests of the government industrial and commercial enterprises, and privatization.
Committee on Health and Demography Chairperson: Sen. Teofisto Guingona III Jurisdiction: All matters relating to public health, medical, hospital and quarantine services, and population issues, concerns, policies and programs affecting individuals and their families. Aquilino Pimentel III Jurisdiction: All matters relating to the organization and administration of justice, civil courts, and penitentiaries; impeachment proceedings against constitutional officers and other officers; registration of land titles; immigration and naturalization; the implementation of the constitutional provisions on human rights; and all matters pertaining to the efficiency and reforms in the prosecution service.
Committee on Local Government Chairperson: Sen. Ferdinand Marcos Jr. Antonio Trillanes IV Jurisdiction: All matters relating to national defense, and external and internal threats to national security; the Armed Forces of the Philippines AFP ; war veterans and military retirees; civil defense; and military research and development.
Teofisto Guingona III Jurisdiction: All matters relating to peace, armed conflict resolution, political negotiation, cessation of hostilities, amnesty, integration and development of former rebels, and national unification and reconciliation.
Grace Poe Jurisdiction: All matters relating to public information, mass communication and broadcast services, the implementation of the constitutional provisions regarding ownership of mass media and the advertising industry, and the artistic standards and quality of the motion picture and television industry.
Grace Poe Jurisdiction: All matters relating to peace and order, the Philippine National Police PNP , the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology BJMP , the Bureau of Fire Protection BFP , and private security agencies; the possession, use, cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of prohibited and regulated drugs, the prosecution of offenders, and rehabilitation of drug users and dependents.
Committee on Public Services Chairperson: Sen. Ramon Revilla Jr. Committee on Public Works Chairperson: Sen. Committee on Rules Chairperson: Sen. Alan Peter Cayetano Jurisdiction: All matters affecting the rules of the Senate, the calendar and parliamentary rules, the order and manner of transacting business, and the creation of committees. Committee on Science and Technology Chairperson: Sen.
Ralph Recto Jurisdiction: All matters relating to science and technology, including scientific and technological research, development and advancement. Maria Lourdes Binay Jurisdiction: All matters relating to rural development and welfare, and the implementation of the constitution provisions on social justice.
Committee on Tourism Chairperson: Sen. Manuel Lapid Jurisdiction: All matters relating to tourism and the tourist industry. Paolo Benigno Aquino IV Jurisdiction: All matters relating to domestic and foreign trade and private corporations; micro, small and medium enterprises MSMEs ; social enterprises; the promotion of entrepreneurship and the regulation of entrepreneurial practice; patents, copyrights, trade names and trademarks; quality control; control and stabilization of prices of commodities; consumer protection; and handicraft and cottage industries.
Joseph Victor Ejercito Jurisdiction: All matters relating to urban land reform planning, housing, resettlement, and urban community development. Committee on Ways and Means Chairperson: Sen. Juan Edgardo Angara Jurisdiction: All matters relating to revenue-generation, taxes and fees, tariffs, loans, and other sources and forms of revenue.
Pia Cayetano Jurisdiction: All matters relating to the women, family relations, and equality before the law of women and men. Committee on Youth Chairperson: Sen. Paolo Benigno Aquino IV Jurisdiction: All matters related to the youth and its vital role in nation-building, promotion and protection of their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being, and their involvement in public and civic affairs.
Giorgidi Aggabao Isabela, 4th District Rep. Sergio Apostol Leyte, 2nd District Rep. Eleandro Jesus Madrona Romblon, Lone District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to the internal budget of the House of Representatives, including budget preparation, submission and approval, disbursements, accounting, and financial operations. Committee on Agrarian Reform Chairperson: Rep.
Ifugao, Lone District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to agrarian reform, the resettlement of and other support services for agrarian reform beneficiaries, and the implementation and amendment of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law. Committee on Agriculture and Food Chairperson: Rep. Mark Llandro Mendoza Batangas, 4th District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to food and agricultural production, agri-business, agricultural research and technology, soil survey and research, irrigation, farm credit and security, animal industry, and crop and livestock production.
Committee on Appropriations Chairperson: Rep. Isidro Ungab Davao City, 3rd District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to the expenditures of the national government including payment of public indebtedness, creation or abolition and classification of positions in government, and the determination of salaries, allowances and benefits of government personnel. Benhur Salimbangon Cebu, 4th District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to aquaculture and fisheries production and development, aquaculture business, use of aquatic resources, freshwater and fisheries culture research and technology, and conservation of rivers, lakes and other fisheries resources.
Sonny Collantes Batangas, 3rd District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to banking and currency, government-owned or controlled banks and financial institutions, non-government banks and financial institutions, insurance, and securities. Andres Salvacion Jr. Leyte, 3rd District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to the organization, operation, management, rules and regulations of the civil service, the welfare and benefits of government officers and employees, and the regulation and practice of professions.
Committee on Constitutional Amendments Chairperson: Rep. Mylene Garcia-Albano Davao City, 2nd District Jurisdiction: All matters directly and principally relating to amendments or revisions of the constitution. Committee on Cooperatives Development Chairperson: Rep. Committee on Dangerous Drugs Chairperson: Rep. Iligan City, Lone District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to illegal or prohibited drugs, its production, manufacture, use and trafficking, and the rehabilitation and treatment of drug dependents.
Committee on Ecology Chairperson: Rep. Amado Bagatsing Manila, 5th District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to ecosystem management, including pollution control.
Committee on Economic Affairs Chairperson: Rep. Enrique Cojuangco Tarlac, 1st District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to economic development planning and programs, inclusive of economic and socio-economic studies, and development policies and strategies.
Committee on Energy Chairperson: Rep. Reynaldo Umali Oriental Mindoro, 2nd District Jurisdiction: All matters relating to the exploration, development, utilization or conservation of energy resources, and entities involved in energy or power generation, transmission, distribution and supply.
Committee on Ethics and Privileges Chairperson: Rep. Joaquin Chipeco Jr. If the committee, or committees, return the bill to the chamber of the body in which it was introduced, members debate the measure and may consider further amendments. The bill is then considered by the full chamber.
If it passes, the measure is referred to the other chamber, where this process begins anew. When a majority in the House, and in the Senate, agree the bill should become law, it is signed and sent to the president. The president may sign the act of Congress into law, or he may veto it. Congress can then override the president's veto by a two-thirds vote of both the House and Senate thereby making the vetoed act a law.
Congressional Documents and Debate. Congress creates and passes bills. The president then may sign those bills into law. Federal courts may review the laws to see if they agree with the Constitution. If a court finds a law is unconstitutional, it can strike it down.
The United States Code contains general and permanent federal laws. It does not include regulations, decisions, or laws issued by:. New public and private laws appear in each edition of the United States Statutes at Large. There is a new edition for each session of Congress.
Find bills and resolutions introduced by the current and earlier sessions of Congress. This includes new laws that have not yet been assigned a public law number.
Find laws and joint resolutions that have been assigned public law numbers. Visit the Law Library of Congress to research U. Regulations are issued by federal agencies, boards, and commissions. They explain how agencies plan to carry out laws.
Regulations are published yearly in the Code of Federal Regulations. State legislatures make the laws in each state. State courts can review these laws. If a court decides a law doesn't agree with the state's constitution, it can declare it invalid. Federal courts do not write or pass laws.
This happens through courts' interpretations of federal and state laws and the Constitution. An example is the U. Board of Education of Topeka. The court decided that state laws which segregated public school students by race violated the 14th Amendment. It said that "separate but equal" schools cause minority children to feel inferior.
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